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Introduction

As the world’s population ages, the number of people with dementia is increasing. Although there is no cure for dementia, lifestyle choices, especially diet, may play a crucial role in brain health. Among the different dietary patterns, the Mediterranean diet (MeDi) has gained attention owing to its potential protective effects. However, how strong is this evidence? This article explores the latest findings on MeDi and the brain MRI markers linked to dementia.

What Does the Research Say?

A recent systematic review and meta-analysis examined the link between MeDi and brain MRI markers including total brain volume (TBV), gray matter volume (GMV), white matter volume (WMV), hippocampal volume (HCV), and white matter hyperintensity (WMH). The results suggest that higher adherence to MeDi is associated with lower WMH, while no significant links were found with other brain structures.

Why Does White Matter Hyperintensity Matter?

WMH refers to small lesions in the white matter of the brain, and is often linked to aging and cognitive decline. Studies have suggested that increased WMH is associated with a higher risk of stroke and dementia. As MeDi appears to help reduce WMH, it could be a key factor in maintaining brain health as we age.

How Does the Mediterranean Diet Support Brain Health?

Researchers have proposed several ways in which MeDi may benefit the brain.

  • Reducing oxidative stress: The diet is rich in antioxidants (e.g., vitamin E and folic acid) that protect brain cells from damage.
  • Lowering inflammation: MeDi helps to balance inflammation, which plays a role in neurodegeneration.
  • Improving vascular health: By reducing LDL cholesterol and supporting heart health, diet may enhance blood flow to the brain.
  • Enhancing cognitive resilience: Lifestyle habits associated with MeDi, such as social engagement and regular physical activity, may also help to protect against cognitive decline.

Limitations of Current Research

Despite these promising findings, there are limitations to the studies conducted thus far. Many studies are cross-sectional, meaning that they only show associations and not cause-and-effect relationships.
Research has mainly been conducted in Europe and North America, making it unclear whether these findings apply to other populations. Therefore, self-reported dietary data may not always be accurate. MRI measurement techniques vary across studies, making comparison difficult.

What’s Next?

To better understand the impact of MeDi on brain health, scientists need to understand the following:

  • More long-term randomized trials.
  • Studies on diverse populations worldwide.
  • Improved methods for accurately assessing dietary intake
  • Deeper exploration of how diet interacts with genetic and lifestyle factors.

Final Thoughts

The Mediterranean diet is well known for its heart health benefits, and emerging evidence suggests that it can also support brain health. Although we cannot definitively say that MeDi prevents dementia, it is a nutritious, sustainable diet that promotes overall well-being. If you are looking for a way to nourish both your body and brain, the Mediterranean diet is a great place to start.

Read more at: Wang, X., Xin, Z., Li, X. et al. Mediterranean diet and dementia: MRI marker evidence from meta-analysis. Eur J Med Res 30, 32 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-025-02276-1

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